It is believed that the telescope was first imported to Japan as a gift from King James I (1566-1625) to the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) in 1613. Since then, at least 169 telescopes were imported to Japan via the Dutch East India Company mainly as tributes to the country’s rulers and, a while after the seclusion policy was executed, making telescopes started in Japan mainly in Nagasaki.¹

The well-known opticians in Edo period were Mori Nizaemon (1673-1754) of Nagasaki and Iwahashi Zenbei (1756-1811) of Osaka. The important role played by telescopes, of both European and Japanese manufacture, in the formation of middle- and late-Edo visual culture is discussed in detailed in Timon Screech, The Western Scientific Gaze and Popular Imagery in Later Edo Japan, (Cambridge, 1996), especially p. 212-215.

1. Kazuho Soeda, Edo jidai no boenkyo to kakucho sareta shikaku no kaigaka [Telescopes in Edo period and pictorialisation of expanded vision], in the research bulletin of Aichi Prefectural museum (2013), vol. 20, p. 25-27 (see
http:/www-art.aac.pref.aichi.jp/research/pdf/2013Bulletin_Soeda.pdf).