The proliferation of the image of the Immaculate Conception on a great scale occurred during the Baroque era (1600 to 1750) in Europe. Indeed, the depiction of the Holy Virgin was the Roman Catholic Church’s most potent visual emblem during the Counter-Reformation in response to the rise of Protestantism which began in Germany and spread shortly thereafter throughout most of Northern Europe. The Counter-Reformation was a period of great spiritual revival which sparked a remarkable and exuberant artistic production in Western Europe but also the Spanish colonies across its expansive empire in the Americas and Asia.

In Spain, where the Immaculate Conception became a locus of devotion by the early seventeenth century, numerous artists including Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, and Juan de Valdés Leal among others, played a central role in disseminating an icon that followed the teachings of the Church. As well, other European masters rendered the subject with grand eloquence such as Guido Reni, Jusepe Rivera and Peter Paul Rubens, whose dynamic paintings were widely available through prints in the Spanish colonies. The vision that gained favor was one that relied upon the prevalent iconography and compositions that had emerged from the various schools of painting in Spain and prints from masters like Rubens who portrayed the Virgin crushing the snake beneath her feet triumphantly. Equally important were the paintings done in the local workshops established by able Spanish and masters who began to arrive in the late 1530s to train indigenous talent and displayed subtle yet fresh understanding of the theme. The anonymous 18th century Andean artist has depicted the Immaculate Conception with the Holy Trinity as she rests in a cloud of glory surrounded by seraphim and cherubim. Her splendor is almost blinding as the artist defines the heavenly realm in a dazzling display of white and gold tones. The faithful on earth look up to her while in Heaven, the Holy Trinity—God the Father, Her Divine Son and the Holy Spirit, welcome her entry.