HE JING (1816-1888)

Correspondences

Album of twenty-two double leaves, ink on paper

Each leaf measures 23 x 12.3 cm. (9 x 4 ⁷⁄₈ in.)

Inscribed and signed
Colophons by Zheng Xu (19th-20th century), Yang Tiefu (1869-1943), Gui Dian (1867-1958), and Zheng Hongnian (1876-1958)
Titleslip inscribed and signed by Zheng Xu, with one seal
Dated summer, yimao year (1939)
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‌NOTE:
‌He Jing, who styled himself Boyu, Xiaosong, and Yu Xuan, is a native of the Zhongshan County of Guangdong. During the reign of Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty, he served as editor of the Hanlin Academy. Years later, he was awarded the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang and served as the general of Fuzhou from 1876 to 1884, primarily devoting himself to the coastal defense of Fujian and Taiwan. The French navy shelled the Mawei Shipyard in July 1883, and the imperial court dismissed him for taking responsibility for the defeat. In his later years, He Jing returned to Guangzhou and taught at the Yingyuan Academy.
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Zheng Xu, styled as Jilin, was born in the Zhongshan County of Guangdong and was a relative of Cheng Kinlo and Marcus C. Cheng. During Emperor Guangxu’s reign, he served as the Minister of Finance for Xiamen and later worked as part of the Coastal Defense, concentrating on civil affairs. After the 1911 Revolution of China, Zheng Xu moved to Gulang Island and developed an interest in painting and calligraphy. Proficient in fine brush figures, flowers, and insects, Zheng Xu is now known as a famous painter in Fujian and Taiwan.
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Yang Tiefu, styled himself Yuxian and Yisheng, is a native of Zhongshan County, Guangzhou. He was an imperial scholar in Emperor Guangxu’s reign of the Qing Dynasty and served as a prefect of the Guangxi province. During the Republic era, Yang Tiefu was a professor at the Wuxi Academy of the Traditional Chinese Culture and subsequently became a professor at both Private National University in Guangdong and Private Guangzhou University in Hong Kong. In his later years, he lives solitarily in Castle Peak, Hong Kong, preoccupied with writing.
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Gui Dian, styled Nanping, was born in Nanhai, Guangdong. During Emperor Guangxu’s reign, he joined the Hanlin Academy before serving as a writer and document editor for the National History Museum as well as prefect of Yanzhou, Zhejiang. In 1915, he became chief editor of the Guangdong General Chronicle and had a vital role in editing numerous local county papers.
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Zhang Hongnian, who styled himself as Shaojue, was from Panyu, Guangdong. He was an imperial scholar in Emperor Guangxu's reign and learned from Kang Youwei before following Sun Yat-sen to participate in the national revolution. Zheng Hongnian was the first headmaster of Jinan Academy (the predecessor of National Jinan University) and served in government departments' transportation and finance positions. He returned to the headmaster position of the National Jinan University from 1927 to 1934.

Chung Hwa Book Company was founded by Lu Feikui (1886-1941) and others in Shanghai, 1912. It plays an unique and important role in the publishing industry, and has made indelible contributions in the fields of modern Chinese cultural history and printing history. In May 1927, Chung Hwa Book Company opened a branch in Hong Kong on Queen's Road on Hong Kong Island. Later, a printing factory was set up in Hong Kong for long-term development, which had a huge impact on Hong Kong's cultural industry. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, due to various reasons, Hong Kong attracted many cultured elites to come and live temporarily, thus Hong Kong Chung Hwa Book Company gathered these talents and became the meeting place for them in Hong Kong. Undoubtably, the Cheng brothers (Cheng Kinlo and Marcus C.C. Cheng), who were the head of the Hong Kong branch during this period, contributed tremendously for this phenomenon.

Cheng Kinlo (1892-1980), courtesy name Zijian, also known as Yupi and Jiaqi, was born in a scholarly family in Guangdong. He and his sixth brother, Marcus C.C. Cheng (1898-?), were in charge of Chung Hwa Book Company’s business in Hong Kong and Macau in the 1930s. His family has been running a tea business in Fujian for decades, and thus they had a deep friendship with the local gentry and cultural figures.

Cheng Kinlo served as the principal of Guishan Public Primary School in Xiangshan County, Guangdong in his early years. He travelled to Shanghai in the early 1920s and served as the sales director of Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company, founded by patriotic businessmen Jian Zhaonan and Jian Yujie. During his tenure, he met Huang Manshi (1890-1963), who was also working in Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company, and the two became working partners and close friends. Huang Manshi was transferred to Singapore in 1923 to be in charge of the company’s business in the Nanyang region. Later, Cheng Kinlo was appointed as the director of the Fujian Branch in 1925. Despite being separated by thousands of miles, the two remain close friends.

In the early 1930s, Cheng Kinlo was recruited by Lu Feikui to join Chung Hwa Book Company, and served as the director of the South China Region, overseeing the eight branches of Fujian, Guangdong, Shantou, Hong Kong, Singapore, Xiamen, Yunnan and Wuzhou. He stationed in Hong Kong and oversaw the construction of the Hong Kong printing factory. In 1933, Cheng Kinlo was asked by Lu Feikui to go to Singapore to inspect the business. During this trip, he visited his old friend Huang Manshi, and Huang often accompanied him on his trip in Singapore. Their interaction were well recorded in the book Nanyang Sanyue Ji, written by Cheng Kinlo and published by Chung Hwa Book Company in 1935.

Cheng Kinlo was well acquainted with the cultural circles, and had a lasting friendship with Xu Beihong (1895-1953). The two met in 1928, when Xu Beihong was invited by Huang Menggui (1885-1965), then Minister of Education of Fujian and the elder brother of Huang Manshi, to live in Fuzhou and participate in the first ever Exhibition of Fine Arts in Fujian. During the 1930s and 1940s, Xu Beihong often visited the Lingnan region. Whenever he was in Guanghzou, Hong Kong, or Macau, he was hosted by Cheng Kinlo and Marcus C.C. Cheng, and was introduced to the local cultural and art circles. In his trips to Hong Kong, Xu Beihong stayed at the residence of the Cheng brothers on Village Road in Happy Valley, and a temporary studio was set up for him to paint and for artists and scholars to gather. Many of the albums in Cheng Kinlo's collection presented in this sale have titleslips inscribed and signed by Xu Beihong in 1938. Xu Beihong was taking photographing of his paintings in the Hong Kong Chung Hwa Book Company Printing Factory that year to publish his infamous paintings album. These titleslips were likely written during Xu’s stay at the Cheng’s residence. At the end of 1941, the Japanese army occupied Hong Kong. Cheng Kinlo and Marcus C.C. Cheng left Hong Kong in 1942 and went to Chongqing and Macau respectively to escape the war. Liao Jingwen (1923-2015), Xu Beihong's wife, recalled that Xu Beihong and her would travelled from Panxi, risking air raids by the Japanese through the Jialing River to visit Cheng Kinlo in Chongqing, they would always be delighted to see each other and would have long talks, demonstrating a very close relationship.

Summer Reverie: Chinese Paintings Online is proud to present the collection of Cheng Kinlo, a vital educator in modern China, former supervisor of the South China Region and manager of the Hong Kong branch of Chung Hwa Book Company in the 20th century. The collection includes a series of paintings and calligraphy, fan leaves, rubbings, and albums of correspondences with important historical significance, enriching the essential historical materials for studying the interaction of intellectuals in modern Chinese cultural circles. This is truly an important collection not to be missed.